Which of the following is not typically associated with intentional torts?

Intentional torts are legal wrongs that occur when an individual intentionally engages in conduct that causes harm to another person. Key elements of intentional torts include the deliberate action of the tortfeasor, the intent to cause harm, and the resulting impact on the victim.

Causation through negligence does not fall under the category of intentional torts because negligence involves a failure to exercise a reasonable standard of care, which leads to unintentional harm. Unlike intentional torts, negligence is characterized by a lack of intent to cause harm; rather, it is about carelessness or reckless disregard for the safety of others.

On the other hand, the deliberate infliction of harm, physical injury to another, and intentional infliction of emotional distress demonstrate the hallmark characteristics of intentional torts, as each involves an intentional action resulting in harm to another. These elements align with the concept of intentionally causing distress or injury, which is fundamental to this area of tort law. Thus, the distinction between intentional torts and negligence is crucial, and identifying causation through negligence clarifies why it does not belong with the other options.